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mediumSystem Design

What is the output: 'standalone' build in Next.js and when do you use it?

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01

Understand the problem

Minimal self-contained server bundle for containers.

nextjsstandalonedockerdeployment
02

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03

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output: 'standalone' produces a minimal folder with the server and only the node_modules it needs, so Docker images are small and don't require installing all dependencies. Use it for self-hosted/containerized deployments to cut image size and cold starts.

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04

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Standalone in a Dockerfile
# next.config.js → { output: 'standalone' }
# runtime stage:
COPY --from=build /app/.next/standalone ./
COPY --from=build /app/.next/static ./.next/static   # must copy separately
COPY --from=build /app/public ./public
CMD ["node", "server.js"]      # no node_modules install needed
05

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