What are enums and what are their trade-offs?

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**Enums** name a set of related constants (`enum Status { Active, Done }`). Numeric enums get reverse mappings and add runtime code; `const enum` inlines values. Many teams prefer **union of string literals** (`type Status = 'active' | 'done'`) for zero runtime cost and simpler typing.

What are enums and what are their trade-offs?

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