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What are embeddings and what are they used for?

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01

Understand the problem

Text as vectors: the geometry that powers semantic search, RAG, clustering and recommendations.

embeddingsvectorssemantic-search
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03

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An embedding is a dense vector (hundreds to thousands of floats) produced by a model such that semantically similar texts map to nearby points. Because similarity becomes geometry, embeddings power semantic search (query vs document vectors), RAG retrieval, deduplication, clustering, classification and recommendations.

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04

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Embed once, search by cosine
import numpy as np

def cosine(a, b):
    return float(np.dot(a, b) / (np.linalg.norm(a) * np.linalg.norm(b)))

doc_vecs = embed_model.embed([d.text for d in docs])      # index time, stored
q = embed_model.embed(["how do I reset my password"])[0]  # query time

ranked = sorted(zip(docs, doc_vecs), key=lambda p: -cosine(q, p[1]))
top3 = [d.title for d, _ in ranked[:3]]
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