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What are abstract base classes and Protocols?

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Explain ABCs and Protocols.

abcprotocol
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ABCs (abc module) define interfaces with @abstractmethod that subclasses must implement (nominal). Protocols (typing.Protocol) enable structural/duck typing for static checks — any class with the right methods satisfies it, no explicit inheritance needed.

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PYABC enforces; Protocol matches by shape (no inheritance)
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