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Seq Scan vs Index Scan vs Index-Only Scan — when does Postgres choose each?

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01

Understand the problem

Explain planner cost model, visibility map, and covering indexes for read-heavy workloads.

indexseq-scanperformance
02

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03

Study the solution

The planner estimates cost from seq_page_cost vs random_page_cost × selectivity. Highly selective (<5% rows) → Index Scan; moderately selective → Bitmap Heap Scan; all columns in index + VACUUM clean → Index-Only Scan; otherwise → Seq Scan.

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