Promise Retry with Backoff

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### 💡 How to Think About This Problem
When implementing **Promise Retry with Backoff** in an interview, the interviewer evaluates your core JavaScript capabilities, syntax familiarity, and edge-case handling.

#### 1. Deconstructing the Requirements
To construct a robust solution:
* **Pre-conditions**: Handle empty collections or incorrect parameter types.
* **Core Logic**: Target the required functional transformation cleanly.

#### 2. Step-by-Step Breakdown

* **Step 1: Input Validation** - Check constraints and boundary values early on.
* **Step 2: Algorithm Implementation** - If execution fails and `retries > 0`, sleep for `delay` milliseconds, then call recursively with `retries - 1` and `delay * 2`.
* **Step 3: Complexity Analysis** - We prioritize structural sharing and minimal allocations.

#### 💬 Thinking Aloud (Interview Walkthrough)
Here is how you should naturally talk through this problem during the interview:

> "To solve **Promise Retry with Backoff**, I will begin by

Promise Retry with Backoff

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