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How do you create and chain custom exceptions?

Q: How do you create and chain custom exceptions?

Subclass `Exception` (e.g. `class ValidationError(Exception): ...`) for domain-specific errors. **Chain** with `raise NewError(...) from original` to preserve the cause, which shows the full context in the traceback.

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Explain custom exceptions.

exceptionscustom

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Subclass Exception (e.g. class ValidationError(Exception): ...) for domain-specific errors. Chain with raise NewError(...) from original to preserve the cause, which shows the full context in the traceback.

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PYAn exception hierarchy with `raise ... from`

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