Debounce (Leading & Trailing)

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### 💡 How to Think About This Problem
When implementing **Debounce (Leading & Trailing)** in an interview, the interviewer evaluates your core JavaScript capabilities, syntax familiarity, and edge-case handling.

#### 1. Deconstructing the Requirements
To construct a robust solution:
* **Pre-conditions**: Handle empty collections or incorrect parameter types.
* **Core Logic**: Target the required functional transformation cleanly.

#### 2. Step-by-Step Breakdown

* **Step 1: Input Validation** - Check constraints and boundary values early on.
* **Step 2: Algorithm Implementation** - Keep timer variables in a closure. On call: clear any pending timer. If `leading` is true and no timer exists, execute immediately. Set a timer that runs the callback (if `trailing` is true) and resets the timer state on quiet expiration.
* **Step 3: Complexity Analysis** - We prioritize structural sharing and minimal allocations.

#### 💬 Thinking Aloud (Interview Walkthrough)
Here is how you should natur

Debounce (Leading & Trailing)

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