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mediumMicrosoftLow-Level Design2023

Explain database indexing and B-trees

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01

Understand the problem

How do indexes speed up queries, and why are B-trees used?

databasesindexing
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An index is a sorted auxiliary structure mapping column values to row locations, turning O(n) scans into O(log n) lookups. B-trees keep data balanced and shallow with high fan-out, minimising disk reads; great for range queries.

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